April 2013 | download free wiring diagram

Tuesday, April 30, 2013

Reliable Car Battery Tester

This circuit uses the popular and easy to find LM3914 IC. This IC is very simple to drive, needs no voltage regulators (it has a built in voltage regulator) and can be powered from almost every source. This circuit is very easy to explain: When the test button is pressed, the Car battery voltage is feed into a high impedance voltage divider. His purpose is to divide 12V to 1,25V (or lower values to lower values).

This solution is better than letting the internal voltage regulator set the 12V sample voltage to be feed into the internal voltage divider simply because it cannot regulate 12V when the voltage drops lower (linear regulators only step down). Simply wiring with no adjust, the regulator provides stable 1,25V which is fed into the precision internal resistor cascade to generate sample voltages for the internal comparators. Anyway the default setting let you to measure voltages between 8 and 12V but you can measure even from 0V to 12V setting the offset trimmer to 0 (but i think that under 9 volt your car would not start).

There is a smoothing capacitor (4700uF 16V) it is used to adsorb EMF noise produced from the ignition coil if you are measuring the battery during the engine working. Diesel engines would not need it, but Im not sure. If you like more a point graph rather than a bar graph simply disconnect pin 9 on the IC (MODE) from power. The calculations are simple (default)

For the first comparator the voltage is : 0,833 V corresponding to 8 V
* * * * * voltage is : 0,875 V corresponding to 8,4 V
for the last comparator the voltage is : 1,25 V corresponding to 12 V
Have fun, learn and dont let you car battery discharge... ;-)

author: Jonathan Filippi
e-mail: jonathan.filippi@virgilio.it

Saturday, April 13, 2013

Remote Controlled Fan Regulator Circuit Diagram

Using this circuit, you can trade the velocity of the fan from your sofa or mattress. Infrared obtainr module TSOP1738 is used to obtain the infrared sign transmitted by using remote keep a watch on. The circuit is powered with the aid of regulated 9V. The AC primarys is stepped down by using transformer X1 to deliver a secondary output of 12V-0-12V. The transformer output is rectified by using full-wave rectifier comprising diodes D1 and D2, filtered via capacitor C9 and regulated through 7809 regulator to provide 9V regulated output. Any button on the remote can be used for keep watch overling the pace of the fan. Pulses from the IR receiver module are utilized as a set off sign to timer NE555 (IC1) by the use of LED1 and resistor R4.

Circuit Diagram :

$\"Remote-Controlled$

Remote-Controlled Fan Regulator Circuit Diagram

IC1 is wired as a monostable multivibrator to prolong the clock given to decade counter-cum-driver IC CD4017 (IC2).Out of the ten outputs of decade counter IC2 (Q0 thru Q9), handiest 5 (Q0 through Q4) are used to control the fan. Q5 output shouldn't be used, while Q6 output is used to reset the counter. Another NE555 timer (IC3) can additionally be wired as a monostable multivibrator. Combination of one of the most resistors R5 via R9 and capacitor C5 controls the pulse width. The output from IC CD4017 (IC2) is applied to resistors R5 via R9. If Q0 is excessive capacitor C5 is charged via resistor R5, if Q1 is high capacitor C5 is charged through resistor R6, and so on.

Optocoupler MCT2E (IC5) is wired as a zero-crossing detector that supplies trigger pulses to monostable multivibrator IC3 all over zero crossing. Opto-isolator MOC3021 (IC4) drives triac BT136. Resistor R13 (47-ohm) and capacitor C7 (0.01µF) mixture is used as snubber network for triac1 (BT136). As the width of the heart beat lowers, firing attitude of the triac increases and velocity of the fan also increases. Thus the rate of the fan increases when we press any button on the faraway control. Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and house it in a small case such that the infrared sensor can easily receive the signal from the far flung transmitter.

http://www.ecircuitslab.com/2011/09/remote-controlled-fan-regulator-circuit.html

Power Flip Flop Using A Triac

Modern digitals is vital for each huge version railroad system, and it gives a option to virtually every problem. Although ready-made merchandise are exorbitantly expensive, clever digitals hobbyists attempt to use a minimal number of parts to be triumphant in most useful results together with low prices. This strategy can be tested using the moderately atypical semiconductor power flip-flop described here. A flip-flop is a toggling circuit with two stable switching states (bistable multivibrator). It care fors its output state even in the absence of an enter pulse.

Flip-flops can simply be carried out the usage of triacs if no DC voltage is on hand. Triacs are also so inexpensive that they're often used by means of edition railway builders as semiconductor energy switches. The decisive advantage of triacs is that they're bi-directional, which implys they may be ready to be precipitated during both the positive and the bad half-cycle by means of making use of an AC voltage to the gate electrode (G). The polarity of the set off voltage is as a result irrelevant. Triggering with a DC present is additionally that you could assume of. Figure 1 presentations the circuit diagram of this type of energy flop-flop. A permanent magnet is suited to the version teach, and when it commutes from left to proper, the magnet switches the flip-flop on and off by approach of reed switches S1 and S2.

Circuit diagram:

$\"power-flip-flop-using-a-triac-circuit$

In order for this to work in each guidance of commute, every other pair of reed switches (S3 and S4) is hooked up in parallel with S1 and S2. Briefly closing S1 or S3 triggers the triac. The RC network C1/R2, which acts as a section shifter, handles the trigger current. The present thru R2, C1 and the gate electrode (G) reaches its most price when the voltage throughout the load passes thru zero. This lead tos the triac to be precipitated anew for every half-cycle, despite the very fact that no pulse is current at the gate. It remains prompted till S2 or S4 is closed, which lead tos it to return to the blocking state.The load will likely be incandescent lamps within the station space (platform lighting) or a solenoid-operated instrument, any suchs a crossing gate. The LED connected across the output (with a rectifier diode) point outs the state of the flip-flop.

The circuit shown here is designed for use in a edition railway machine, however there will no longer be any the purpose is it may not be used for different softwares. The reed switches may additionally be changed by customary pushbutton switches. For the frequently used TIC206D triac, which has a most current rating of four A, no heat sink is vital in this software except a load present exceeding 1 A should be supplied continuously or for a long time frame. If the switch-on or switch-off pulse shows to be insufficient, the worth of electrolytic capacitor C1 need to be elevated a little.

Author: R. Edlinger - Copyright: Elektor July-August 2004

Friday, April 12, 2013

Simple Audio Graphic Equaliser

Audio photograph equalizers are quite common as business products (for Hi-fi, automobile audio and stage use) but circuits for them are very hardly ever printed. I didnt design this one nevertheless its in reality very straightforward. The important levels shown are for a 7 band but the theory will also be prolonged to almost any choice of bands - in case you can in finding correct enough elements.

$\"Audio$

Only one gyrator stage is shown: all 7 gyrators are the identical circuit, best the capacitors change, as proven in the chart. I even have shown three of the seven faders to level out where they go.

A gyrator is a circuit the utilization of active tools and transistors to simulate an inductor. In this case the gyrator is the transistor appearing with R1, R3 and C2. It may just as simply be a cohesion acquire op-amp.

The circuit embraces three formulae: one which offers f, the the centre frequency of the band. The 2nd shows how the Q is related to the capacitor ratio. The third presentations the impedance offered with the help of the circuit. Note that this embraces 3 time periods, the primary merely resistive, the 2d is the capacitative contribution from C1 and the 0.33 is an inductive term from the gyrator.

If anyone wants the distinct mathematical working out of these formulae, I could be triggered to submit it (donations accepted!). The arithmetic for energetic filters shouldn't be as tough as most tutors tend to make it and I in point of fact didnt take into account it correctly until I labored it out for myself and found that it wasnt complicated, I simply hadnt been taught how you can take into account it!

If you do the arithmetics for this you'll in finding the actual frequencies are if truth be told a little completely different from the target frequencies proven within the diagram: thats what comes from the utilization of standard values. Audibly they're masses close enough.

The rest of the circuit is simply an op-amp. If you imagine a tuned circuit (the gyrator) striking from the pot slider, it's being linked either to the certain input or the poor to a variable extent. One will elevate the response at the turned frequency and the opposite will decrease it.

You must after all selected a excellent, low noise op-amp: once we manufactured these we used 741s but we chosen low noise ones. The transistors also need to be low noise, however you might easily exchange a noisy transistor in the adventure you to find you will have one.

And thats about it. A very straightforward, effective circuit. The most tough bit is going to be sourcing the parts - specifically appropriate fader pots!.

Simple Universal PIC Programmer

This simple programmer will accept any device thats supported by software (eg, IC-Prog 1.05 by Bonny Gijzen at www.ic-prog.com). The circuit is based in part on the ISP header described in the SILICON CHIP "PIC Testbed" project but also features an external programming voltage supply for laptops and for other situations where the voltage present on the RS232 port is insufficient. This is done using 3-terminal regulators REG1 & REG2. The PIC to be programmed can be mounted on a protoboard. This makes complex socket wiring to support multiple devices unnecessary. 16F84A, 12C509, 16C765 and other devices have all been used successfully with this device.

Circuit diagram:
Simple universal-pic-programmer-circuit-diagramw

Simple universal-pic-programmer-circuit-diagramw

Simple Universal PIC Programmer Circuit Diagram

http://www.ecircuitslab.com

0 5 WATT MINI AMPLIFIER TDA1015T SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

A volume control is included in schematic. Log type is required and 4k7 to 10k is about right. A dual pot is needed if you plan on using two TDA1015s to complete a stereo amp.

Chances are youll want this amplifier portable. Batteries do the trick fine, but you wont get much power out of a couple of 1.5V cells. Unfortunately the size of a decent amount of battery power will mean that the overall size of this amp will be much bigger and for that there are more benefits to be had using a device like the TDA7052 or TDA2822 for stereo.

Quick ref data of TDA1015T Chip

Supply voltage range: 3,6 to 12 V
Peak output current: 1 A
Output power: 0,5 W
Voltage gain power amplifier: 29 dB
Voltage gain preamplifier: 23 dB
Total quiescent current: 22 mA
Operating ambient temperature range: -25 to +150 °C
Storage temperature range: -55 to + 150 °C

Long Interval Pulse Generator

A rectangular-wave pulse generator with an extremely long period can be built using only two components: a National Semiconductor LM3710 supervisor IC and a 100-nF capacitor to eliminate noise spikes. This circuit utilises the watchdog and reset timers in the LM3710. The watchdog timer is reset when an edge appears on the WDI input (pin 4). If WDI is continuously held at ground level, there are not any edges and the watchdog times out. After an interval TB, it triggers a reset pulse with a duration TA and is reloaded with its initial value. The cycle then starts all over again. As a result, pulses with a period of TA + TB are present at the RESET output (pin 10).

Long-Interval Pulse Generator Circuit diagram :

As can be seen from the table, periods ranging up to around 30 seconds can be achieved in this manner. The two intervals TA and TB are determined by internal timers in the IC, which is available in various versions with four different ranges for each timer. To obtain the desired period, you must order the appropriate version of the LM3710. The type designation is decoded in the accompanying table. The reset threshold voltage is irrelevant for this particular application of the LM3710. The versions shown in bold face were available at the time of printing. Current information can be found on the manufacturer’s home page (www.national.com). The numbers in brackets indicate the minimum and maximum values of intervals TA and TB for which the LM3710 is tested. The circuit operates with a supply voltage in the range of 3–5 V.

Source : http://www.ecircuitslab.com/2011/06/long-interval-pulse-generator.html

Micro Flasher Circuit Using 555IC

This is a simple and compact flasher circuit that can be used where ever a flashing LED is needed. The circuit finds application in flashing beacons, alarms automobile and more. The circuit is nothing but an astable multi vibrator based on IC NE 555 (IC1). This is the figure of the circuit.

The frequency of the oscillation depends on the values of R1, R2, R3 and C2. The LED glows when the out put (pin3) of IC1 goes high. The IC1 NE 555 can easily drive a LED. The resistor R4 acts as a current limiter for LED. The circuit is powered by a 6V battery or 6V DC power supply. If you don’t need frequent changes in the flashing rate use a preset for R2 and set it for the required rate. The capacitor C2 must be rated 10V.

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Thursday, April 11, 2013

Simple Transformerless 5 Volt Power Supply

Description

An increasing number of appliances draw a very small current from the power supply. If you need to design a mains powered device, you could generally choose between a linear and a switch-mode power supply. However, what if the appliance’s total power consumption is very small? Transformer-based power supplies are bulky, while the switchers are generally made to provide greater current output, with a significant increase in complexity, problems involving PCB layout and, inherently, reduced reliability.

Is it possible to create a simple, minimum part-count mains (230 VAC primary) power supply, without transformers or coils, capable of delivering about 100 mA at, say, 5 V A general approach could be to employ a highly inefficient stabilizer that would rectify AC and, utilizing a zener diode to provide a 5.1 V output, dissipate all the excess from 5.1 V to (230×v2) volts in a resistor. Even if the load would require only about 10 mA, the loss would be approximately 3 watts, so a significant heat dissipation would occur even for such a small power consumption.

At 100 mA, the useless dissipation would go over 30 W, making this scheme completely unacceptable. Power conversion efficiency is not a major consideration here; instead, the basic problem is how to reduce heavy dissipation and protect the components from burning out. The circuit shown here is one of the simplest ways to achieve the above goals in practice. A JVR varistor is used for overvoltage/surge protection. Voltage divider R1-R2 follows the rectified 230 V and, when it is high enough, T1 turns on and T3 cannot conduct.

Circuit diagram:

When the rectified voltage drops, T1 turns off and T3 starts to conduct current into the reservoir capacitor C1. The interception point (the moment when T1 turns off) is set by P1 (usually set to about 3k3), which controls the total output current capacity of the power supply: reducing P1 makes T1 react later, stopping T3 later, so more current is supplied, but with increased heat dissipation. Components T2, R3 and C2 form a typical ‘soft start’ circuit to reduce current spikes this is necessary in order to limit C1’s charging current when the power supply is initially turned on. At a given setting of P1, the output current through R5 is constant.

Thus, load R4 takes as much current as it requires, while the rest goes through a zener diode, D5. Knowing the maximum current drawn by the load allows adjusting P1 to such a value as to provide a total current through R5 just 5 to 6 mA over the maximum required by the load. In this way, unnecessary dissipation is much reduced, with zener stabilization function preserved. Zener diode D5 also protects C1 from over voltages, thus enabling te use of low-cost 16 V electrolytics.

The current flow through R5 and D5, even when the load is disconnected, prevents T3’s gate-source voltage from rising too much and causing damage to device. In addition, T1 need not be a high-voltage transistor, but its current gain should exceed 120 (e.g. BC546B, or even BC547C can be used).

CAUTION!

The circuit is not galvanically isolated from the mains. Touching any part of the circuit (or any circuitry it supplies power to) while in operation, is dangerous and can result in an electric shock! This circuit should not be built or used by individuals without proper knowledge of mains voltage procedures.

Copyright: Elektor Electronics Magazine
Author: Srdjan Jankovic & Branko Milovanovic

Volkswagen Polo 6R Fuse Layout

The reason the car does not come with a fuse card is that there are a huge number of fusing variations on the Polo 6R as you can see below. Fuse 47 is the wiper motor fuse.

Fuse box SA/SC

SA1 - Fuse 1 on fuse holder A 150A or 175A Note (1) - Alternator
SA2 - Fuse 2 on fuse holder A 30A Gas mode control unit (engine code CMAA only)
SA3 - Fuse 3 on fuse holder A 110A
Ignition/starter switch
Light switch
Steering column combination switch
X-contact relief relay
Motronic current supply relay
Low heat output relay
High heat output relay
Fuel supply relay
Fuse 4 -S134-
Fuse 5 -S138-
Fuse 6 -S139-
Fuse 4 on fuse holder B -SB4
Fuse 20 on fuse holder B -SB20
Fuse 35 on fuse holder B -SB35
Fuse 38 on fuse holder B -SB38
Fuse 57 on fuse holder B -SB57
SA4 - Fuse 4 on fuse holder A 50A - Power steering control unit
SA5 - Fuse 5 on fuse holder A 40A - ABS control unit
SA6 - Fuse 6 on fuse holder A 40A - Radiator fan control unit
SA7 - Fuse 7 on fuse holder A 50A - Automatic glow period control unit
SC1 - Fuse 1 on fuse holder C 25A - ABS control unit
SC2 - Fuse 2 on fuse holder C 30A - Radiator fan thermal switch, radiator fan control unit
SC3 - Fuse 3 on fuse holder C 5A - Radiator fan control unit
SC4 - Fuse 4 on fuse holder C 10A - ABS control unit
SC5 - Fuse 5 on fuse holder C 5A - On-board supply control unit
SC6 - Fuse 6 on fuse holder C 30A - Mechatronic unit for dual clutch gearbox

Note
(1) only models with stop/start system

Fuse box SB

Fuse 1, 5A
Control unit in dash panel insert
ABS control unit
Mobile telephone operating electronics control unit

Fuse 2, 10A
Steering column combination switch
On-board supply control unit
Rear window wiper motor
Windscreen and rear window washer pump

Fuse 3, 5A
Fuel pump relay
Engine control unit
Fuel supply relay
Fuel pump control unit
Control unit for structure-borne sound

Fuse 4, 2A
Steering column combination switch

Fuse 5
Not used

Fuse 6, 5A
Control unit in dash panel insert

Fuse 7, 5A
Headlight range control regulator
Number plate left light
Number plate right light
On-board supply control unit

Fuse 8, 10A
Injector, cylinder 1
Injector, cylinder 2
Injector, cylinder 3
Injector, cylinder 4
Lambda probe heater
Lambda probe 1 heater after catalytic converter
Activated charcoal filter system solenoid valve

Fuse 9, 5A
7.5A TCS and ESP button
Tyre pressure monitor display button
Steering angle sender
ABS control unit
Stop/start system button
Data bus diagnostic interface

Fuse 10 on fuse holder 5A
Cruise control system switch
Steering column combination switch
Brake light switch
Clutch pedal switch
On-board supply control unit

Fuse 11, 10A
5A, Headlight range control regulator
Left headlight range control motor
Right headlight range control motor
Cruise control system switch
On-board supply control unit
Cornering light and headlight range control unit

Fuse 12, 5A
Mirror adjustment switch

Fuse 13, 5
Mechatronic unit for dual clutch gearbox
Selector lever

Fuse 14, 5A
Airbag control unit
Front passenger side airbag deactivated warning lamp

Fuse 15, 5A
Left washer jet heater element
Right washer jet heater element

Fuse 16, 5A
Parking aid control unit

Fuse 17
Not used

Fuse 18, 5A
Rear fog light cut-out contact switch
Control unit in dash panel insert
Rear left fog light bulb
On-board supply control unit

Fuse 19, 5A
On-board supply control unit

Fuse 20, 5A
Steering angle sender
Control unit in dash panel insert
Fuel supply relay
Terminal 30 voltage supply relay
Low heat output relay
High heat output relay

Fuse 21, 10A
On-board supply control unit

Fuse 22, 5A
Diagnostic connection
Climatronic control unit
Air conditioning system control unit
Mobile telephone operating electronics control unit
Ignition key withdrawal lock solenoid

Fuse 23, 5A
Selector lever
Rain sensor
On-board supply control unit
Engine control unit
Data bus diagnostic interface

Fuse 24, 5A - On-board supply control unit
Driver side heated exterior mirror
Front passenger side heated exterior mirror

Fuse 25, 5A
High pressure sender
Heater control unit
Radiator fan control unit
Air conditioning system control unit
Trailer detector control unit
Diagnostic connection
Humidity sender
Radiator fan control unit
Voltage stabiliser
Voltage stabiliser 2

Fuse 26, 7.5A
Air mass meter
Oil level and oil temperature sender
Power steering control unit
Heater element for crankcase breather
Starter relay 1
Starter relay 2

Fuse 27, 7.5A
Reversing light switch

Fuse 28, 10A
Lambda probe
Lambda probe after catalytic converter
Lambda probe heater
Lambda probe 1 heater after catalytic converter

Fuse 29, 10A
Fuel pressure regulating valve
Fuel metering valve

Fuse 30, 10A
Charge pressure control solenoid valve
Activated charcoal filter system solenoid valve 1
Exhaust gas recirculation cooler change-over valve
Coolant circulation pump 2
Heater element relay

Fuse 31, 10A
5A Sender for fuel gauge (CMAA engine only)
Automatic glow period control unit
Fuel supply relay
Additional coolant pump relay
Injector, cylinder 1
Injector, cylinder 2
Injector, cylinder 3
Injector, cylinder 4

Fuse 32, 10A/15A/20A or 30A
Fuel gauge sender
Fuel system pressurisation pump
Engine control unit

Fuse 33, 5A
Clutch position sender
Brake light switch

Fuse 34, 15A
Control unit in dash panel insert
Left main beam bulb
Right main beam bulb On-board supply control unit
Left gas discharge light control unit
Right gas discharge light control unit

Fuse 35, 15A or 20A
Engine control unit
Fuel supply relay

Fuse 36, 7.5A
Right main beam bulb

Fuse 37, 25A
Heated driver seat regulator
Heated front passenger seat regulator
Heated front seats control unit

Fuse 38, 30A
Mechatronic unit for dual clutch gearbox

Fuse 39 10or 15A
Right dipped beam bulb

Fuse 40 30A
Fresh air blower switch
Fresh air blower control unit

Fuse 41, 10A
Rear window wiper motor

Fuse 42, 15A
Cigarette lighter
12 V socket

Fuse 43, 15A
On-board supply control unit

Fuse 44, 5A
Anti-theft alarm ultrasonic sensor
Alarm horn

Fuse 45, 15A
Control unit with display for radio and navigation system
Multimedia control unit
Radio
Voltage stabiliser

Fuse 46, 20A
Headlight washer system relay
On-board supply control unit

Fuse 47, 20A
On-board supply control unit
Windscreen wiper motor

Fuse 48, 25A
On-board supply control unit

Fuse 49, 30A
Sliding sunroof adjustment control unit

Fuse 49, 15A
Fuel pump relay
Fuel supply relay

Fuse 50, 25A
Driver door control unit

Fuse 51, 25A
Front passenger door control unit

Fuse 52, 30A
Rear left door control unit
Rear right door control unit

Fuse 53, 30A
On-board supply control unit

Fuse 54, 15A
Left fog light bulb
Right fog light bulb

Fuse 55, 15A
Ignition coil 1 with output stage
Ignition coil 2 with output stage
Ignition coil 3 with output stage
Ignition coil 4 with output stage

Fuse 56, 15A
Left day driving light bulb
Right day driving light bulb

Fuse 57, 15A
On-board supply control unit

Fuse 58, 20A
Brake servo vacuum pump

Fuse 59, 10/15A
Left dipped beam bulb

Fuse 60, 15A
Control unit with display for radio and navigation system

A Car Battery Monitor

A close call on the road can really focus your mind on the importance of having a battery monitor in a car. I had been enjoying a pleasant week of travelling around the countryside at a leisurely pace and taking in the beautiful scenery each day. It wasnt until the final day, with the big rush to return home, that I had to drive at night.My home is deep in the country and on the road I was travelling the closest petrol station may be 80km away. I was travelling through an area that is full of open-cut coal mines and large heavily loaded semi-trailers constantly pound the roads, travelling at quite high speeds. It was around 8pm at night and everything was very dark no street lights or house lights anywhere.

Just as I was going up a hill, the lights began to dim and the engine coughed. A large semi-trailer loomed in the rear-vision mirror as I pushed the clutch in and tried to restart. My speed was falling rapidly and my lights were blacked out - I was like a sitting duck in the middle of the road, as the semi-trailer came rapidly bearing down on me. I just managed to pull the car off the road, as the semi-trailer came screaming past, missing me by inches! After calling for assistance from the NRMA, the problem was found to be a fault in the alternator, which was failing to charge the battery. The battery voltage had been falling under the heavy load of the lights and at the worst possible time, there was not sufficient power for the lights or the motor.

After the initial shock wore off, I put on my thinking cap to come up with a PIC-based solution to the problem. What was really needed was a display and a buzzer, to get my attention should the voltage fall outside a specified range. So my design criteria was set, a series of LEDs could indicate the voltage and a buzzer would also be used to warn of problems.

Main Features:

Visual indication of battery voltage
Audible warning when voltage becomes low
Screw terminals for easy connection
Simple and easy to build

Circuit details:

The circuit is based on PIC16F819 18-pin microcontroller which has an analog-to-digital (A/D) input to monitor the battery voltage and outputs capable of driving LEDs directly, to keep the component count down. There are seven LEDs in all, giving a good range of voltage indication. The topmost LED, LED1, comes on for voltages above 14V which will occur when the battery is fully charged. LED2 indicates for voltages between 13.5V and 14V while LED3 indicates between 13V and 13.5V. Normally, one of these LEDs will be on. LED4 covers 12.5V to 13V while LED5 covers 12V to 12.5V. LED6 covers from 11.5V to 12V while LED7 comes on for voltages below 11.5V. These two LEDs are backed up by the piezo chime which beeps for voltages between 11.5V and 12V and becomes more insistent for voltages below 11.5V.

That might seem fairly conservative. After all, most cars will start with no troubles, even though the battery voltage might be a touch below 12V, wont they? Well, no. Some modern cars will happily crank the motor at voltages below 11V but their engine management will not let the motor start unless the voltage is above 11V. So dont think that a modern car will always start reliably. This little battery monitor could easily prevent a very inconvenient failure to start! So lets describe the rest of the circuit. The incoming supply is connected via diode D1 which provides protection against reverse polarity while zener diode ZD1 provides protection from spike voltages.

A standard 7805 3-terminal regulator is then used to provide a stable 5V to the microcontroller. The battery voltage is sensed via a voltage divider using 33kΩ and 100kΩ resistors. This brings the voltage down to within the 0-5V range for the A/D input of the PIC16F819. Port B (RB0 to RB7) of the microcontroller is then used to drive the various LEDs, with current limiting provided via the 330Ω resistor network. RB7, pin 13, drives a switching transistor for the piezo buzzer.

Software:

For the software, the design follows the basic template for a PIC microcontroller. Port A and its ADC (analog-to-digital converter) function are set up while port B functions as the output for the LEDs and buzzer. Once the set-up is complete, a reading will be taken at port RA2, the input for the A/D convertor. This reading is then compared with a series of values to determine the range of the voltage. This is similar to a series of "if" statements in Basic language. If the voltage is found to be within a certain range, the relevant port B pin will be turned on. If the voltage is below 12V, the buzzer will be turned on for a brief period, to signal a low battery condition. As the voltage falls below 11.5V, the frequency of the beeps will increase, to signal increased urgency.

Building it:

All the parts are mounted on a small PC board measuring 46 x 46mm (available from Futurlec). The starting point should be the IC socket for the PIC16F819, as this is easiest to mount while the board is bare. The next item can be the PC terminal block. The resistors and capacitors can then follow. Make sure the electrolytics are inserted with correct polarity.

Make sure that you do not confuse the zener (ZD1) with the diode when you are installing them; the diode is the larger package of the two.

Even more important, dont get the 78L05 3-terminal regulator and the 2N3906 transistor mixed up; they come in identical packages. The 78L05 will be labelled as such while the 2N3906 will be labelled "3906". And make sure you insert them the correct way around. The buzzer must also be installed with the correct polarity. The 330Ω current limiting resistors are all in a 10-pin in-line package. There are four green LEDs, two yellow and one red. They need to be installed in line and with the correct orientation.

Testing:

Before you insert the PIC16F819 microcontroller, do a voltage check. Connect a 12V source and check for the presence of 5V between pins 14 & 5 OF IC1. If 5V is not present, check the polarity of regulator REG1 and the polarity of the diode D1. If these tests are OK, insert the IC and test the unit over a range of voltage between 9V and 15V. Make sure that all LEDs come on in sequence and the piezo buzzer beeps for voltages below 12V.

Now it is matter of installing the unit in your car. It is preferable to install the unit in a visible position for the driver. However, it should not obscure any other instruments. The unit should be connected to the cars 12V supply after the ignition switch. This will turn the unit off with the other instruments and prevent battery drain while the motor is not running.

Author :Alan Bonnard

Wednesday, April 10, 2013

Subwoofer Circuit Diagram Download

Subwoofer Wiring Diagram on Subwoofer Wiring Diagrams One 2 Ohm Dual Voice Coil Dvc Speaker

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AM Receiver Circuit Using Transistor

This is the simple design and sensitivity and selectivity of the receiver are good. This circuit is use a compact three transistor, regenerative receiver with fixed feedback. The circuit is based on transistor as core of the operation. The transistor that is used is BC549. This is the figure of the circuit.

The tuned circuit is designed for medium wave, but the circuit will work up to much higher frequencies if a different tuning coil and capacitor are used. Q1 and Q2 form a compound transistor pair featuring high gain and very high input impedance. This is necessary so as not to unduly load the tank circuit. Q1 operates in emitter follower, Q2 common emitter, self stabilizing bias is via the 120k resistor and the tuning coil. As Q2 operates in common emitter its base voltage will be a V be drop higher than ground or about 0.71V in my test sample. The 120k resistor provides regenerative feedback, between Q2 output and the tank circuit input and its value affects the overall performance of the whole circuit.

The tuning coil can be salvaged from an old AM receiver. However to make your own wind about 50 to 60 turns of 26 swg enamel coated copper wire over a 3/8 inch ferrite rod about 3 inches long. This circuit is powered by 9 VDC.

Epson PowerLite Home Cinema 3010

3D-equipped, HD dwelling plays Projector with Integrated Speakers.

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3LCD Technology

Split screen report

Project two images (cassette otherwise still) margin-by-side from two altered sources in chorus. take from three blueprint options. You can swap the images, chose the source on behalf of the audio and even present blocked captioning if the source gesture includes it.

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High Input Voltage Linear Regulator

Commonly used 3-pin linear voltage regulators, for example the LM317, cannot handle input voltages in excess of about 30V. The LR8A from Supertex Inc is a new, adjustable three pin regulator that can accept input voltages up to 450V and can supply an output current of 0.5mA to 10mA. Using this device it is possible to work with rectified 230VAC. The LR8 has a wide input voltage range of +12 V to +450V. Two external resistors (R1 and R2) allow the output voltage to be adjusted from 1.20 V to 440 V provided that the input voltage is at least 10 V greater than the output voltage. The LR8 adjusts the voltage difference between the Vout and ADJ pins to a nominal value of 1.20V.

High Input Voltage Linear Regulator circuit diagram

This 1.20V is amplified by the external resistor ratio of R1 and R2. An internal constant bias current of 10µA is connected to the ADJ pin so that Vout is increased by a constant voltage of 10µA times R2. The formula for calculating the output voltage is given next to the circuit diagram. To ensure stable operation of the regulator a minimum output current of 500µA is necessary and a bypass capacitor of minimum 1.0µF should be used. Protection circuits in the LR8 limit the output current to 15mA typically and temperature protection ensures that the device temperature will not exceed 125oC.

High Input Voltage Linear Regulator

When the device reaches its temperature limit, the output voltage/current will decrease to keep the junction temperature within limits. The two circuit diagrams show the LR8 used as a voltage regulator and as a constant current source. The current source can be used to a drive an LED. This conﬁguration would give an LED with super-wide input voltage range, i.e., from +12V to +450V. The LR8 was originally designed to be used for switch mode supply start-up applications so it incorporates a feature which shuts down the LR8 when the output voltage exceeds the input voltage. Diode D1 is therefore necessary in the voltage regulator circuit diagram to prevent the output voltage exceeding the input voltage at any time.

LR8 Pinout

The minimum value of the input capacitor C1 can be calculated from the following formula: C1(min) = (IL t ) / (Vpk – Vout – 10V) Where IL is the load current, and t the period between two voltage peaks. At 50 Hz, using one rectifying diode this will give a value t = 20 ms. Vpk is the peak input voltage, while Vout is the selected output voltage. The LR8 is available in two package outlines. The LR8N8 is a SOT89 SMD package while the LR8N3 is the familiar TO92 Transistor outline (e.g. BC 238). The TO-92 package can dissipate a maximum of 0.74W while with suitable heatsinking, the SMD package can dissipate 1.6W.

Multiplexer with TTL IC 74251

Actually you can not bother to design a multiplexer using logic gates because it has many special IC which functioned for a multiplexer.

One of the TTL ICs from the family that you can use to fulfill the function of a multiplexer is IC 74 251. At the IC there are 8 input channels and 3-bit selector and the other lane as a control reset and inverting output. As a note if you are using TTL ICs for your electronic circuit, the voltage supply that is allowed a maximum of 5 volts. So you can be more familiar with the workings of this multiplexer ic, IC74251 consider the truth table below:

C	B	A	G	Y	W
X	X	X	1	Z	Z
0	0	0	0	D0	D0’
0	0	1	0	D1	D1’
0	1	0	0	D2	D2’
0	1	1	0	D3	D3’
1	0	0	0	D4	D4’
1	0	1	0	D5	D5’
1	1	0	0	D6	D6’
1	1	1	0	D7	D7’
Z = High impedance (off)
D0,D1…D7 = Representing the output of the input lines D

Tuesday, April 9, 2013

Fuse Box Chevrolet S10 2000 Diagram

Fuse Box Chevrolet S10 2000 Diagram - Here are new post for Fuse Box Chevrolet S10 2000 Diagram.

Fuse Box Chevrolet S10 2000 Diagram

Fuse Box Chevrolet S10 2000 Diagram

Fuse Box Chevrolet S10 2000 Diagram

Fuse Panel Layout Diagram Parts: headlamp grounding relay, blower motor relay, multifunction switch, headlamp switch, auxiliary power, radio battery, cigar lighter, courtesy lamp, power locks, park lamp relay, stop lamp switch, transfer case shift control module, park and turn signal lamp, electronic brake control module, ignition switch, starter relay, ignition switch, park n turn signal lamp.

Sequential Turn Lights Driver Four LED left and right sequence Particularly suited to motorcycles

Sequential Turn Lights Driver Four-LED left and right sequence Particularly suited to motorcycles

Parts:

R1_____________500K  1/2W Trimmer Cermet or Carbon
R2______________47K  1/4W Resistor
R3,R4____________1K  1/4W Resistors
R5,R6,R7,R8_____10K  1/4W Resistors

C1_______________1µF  63V Polyester or electrolytic capacitor
C2_____________220µF  25V Electrolytic capacitor

D1-D8__________LEDs Yellow ultra-bright types

Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4___BC337   45V 800mA NPN Transistors

IC1____________7555 or TS555CN or TLC555CP CMos Timer IC
IC2____________4017 Decade counter with 10 decoded outputs IC

SW1____________Vehicle Turn Lights switch (See Comments)

Battery_________12V Vehicle battery

Comments:

This
device was designed on request and allows sequential operation of
four Leds either to left or right direction, obtained by means of a
7555 CMos timer IC (IC1) wired as an astable multivibrator driving a
Decade counter (IC2). This IC is set to count a sequence of four by
connection of pin #10 to pin #15, but any sequence count in the 2-10
range can be set by choosing the appropriate pin connection. Obviously,
LEDs, Transistors and their respective Base-limiting resistors must
also be added or omitted accordingly.
R1 is a variable resistor
(Trimmer), used to set the desired speed of the LEDs. SW1 is a
change-over switch that should already exist in your motorcycle,
having a center-off position and Turn-left and Turn-right positions.
D1, D3, D5 and D7 are the Turn-left LEDs; D2, D4, D6 and D8 are the Turn-right LEDs.

For a motorcycle they are arranged on a single board about 20 - 25 cm
wide as shown in the image below. The outer red LEDs are the
tail/brake lights and can be driven by a circuit like the LED driven
tail/brake Light Cluster available on this website.

Sequential Turn Lights example

Note:

The use of high brightness, high efficiency yellow LED types of suitable size is mandatory.

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